Theories on stress introduction tao digital library 2014 3 in the text wellbeing, prevention and stress as processes, rulli first introduces the consolidated definitions of prevention, wellbeing and health, more and more oriented to consider the latter as mean for human flourishing. This type of depression occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs delusions or hearing. It argues that there is something physically different in a persons brain that would lead to them developing the symptoms of depression. Biology of depression neurotransmitters gracepoint. Autopsy evidence suggests that people with depression who experienced longterm stress and then went on to commit suicide showed reduced formation of new neurons in the hippocampus. Do social, genetic, biological, or all three play a part. Analyze the biological etiology of major depressive disorder. The brain uses a number of chemicals as messengers to communicate with other parts of itself and within the nervous system. The seminal work in this area was freuds mourning and melancholia, published in 1917, in which he draws on clinical experience in order to explain the state of melancholia. In contrast, people with depression who benefit from taking antidepressants or receiving electroshock therapy both show increased creation of new neurons. Biological factors the biological factors that might have some effect on depression include.
Your environment encompasses all aspects of your life in the world around you. Depression makes deep inroads on biology to bring about the many symptoms of depression, from sleep disruption and an inability to experience pleasure to lack of motivation and feelings of guilt. Pdf on apr 1, 2010, george papageorgiou published biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. National institute of mental health depression basics. In contrast, for nonmelancholic depression, the role of personality. Another main theory of causation of depression is the biological model. Cognitive theories of depression suggest that depressed cognitions, cognitive. The situation is a little different if the parent or sibling has had depression more than once recurrent depression, and if the depression started relatively early in life childhood, teens or twenties. Life events can greatly influence mood, thoughts, feelings, outlook, and actions. Even just considering the biological dimension of depression, the brain has multiple layers of issues that are involved. In most cases, depression involves the interaction of biological and psychosocial factors.
Research findings in developing countries suggest that maternal depression may be a risk factor in. Biological theories of manicdepression essay 1295 words. This form of depression is less common the exact percentage. It has been linked to anxiety and mood disorders such depression. Three examples of depression theories are rank theory of depression, psychodynamic theory of depression and becks cognitive theory of depression. Depression has many theories which have different implications for the therapy that is used to treat it. Drug treatments and biological theories are predominant in the united states. Genetic factors depression often runs in families, which suggests that individuals may inherit genes that make them vulnerable to developing depression.
Biological theories of depression and implications. For example, rapid eye movement rem sleepthe stage in which dreaming occursmay be quick to arrive and intense in depressed people. Other biochemical compounds and peptides may also be involved in the etiology of some forms of mood disorders. Oct 05, 2011 the psychodynamic theory of depression, presented by freud, states that depression is a result of anger from imbalanced cognitions and behavior in childhood. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. Aaron beck has pioneered the way we view and attempt to understand the nature of the depressive disorder and how to approach its treatment through behavioral and cognitive methodology. The predisposition to develop depression can be inherited. Many biological and psychological factors interact in depression, althou gh precisely which specific factors interact may differ from person to person. Additionally, heston reported a significant increase in the rate of violent offending among offspring whose biological parents were severely criminal typically the biological father and had been hospitalized one or more times for a psychiatric condition typically the biological mother, 2020. Depression may be related to abnormalities in the circadian rhythm, or biological clock. This theoretical study describes the phenomenon of depression and the use of cognitive therapy in its treatment. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting, and.
Dialog is needed on the utility of the biomedical vs. The theories of depression that have been most tested and applied to the psychotherapeutic treatment of the mood disorders include the interpersonal and cognitive behavioral formulations. Consid erable research has examined the etiology of depression centering around three seminal cognitive theories. The evolution of antidepressant drugs has, in some ways, been the systematic narrowing down of monoamines to serotonin. The human brain, a malleable structure, is accountable for the human bodys behaviors, thoughts, and emotions even when impaired. Causes depression is most likely due to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Our research focused broadly on the social construction of depression on campus. To the extent this is true, the effects of biological and psychological aging are not necessarily inevitable, and successful aging is possible evans, 2009. Having inconsistent parents abusive, dominant father versus extremely loving mother in jennys case causes confusion in the child and the resulting anger toward the parents is repressed and directed inward because of knowledge that parents are essential to survival. To begin with, it important to highlight the basic concepts that illustrates the social psychology. There are also theories that physical changes to the body may play a role in depression. These are deeply rooted in the medical way of thinking and have guided the construction of dsmiii.
Examining postpartum depression symptoms and treatment. For psychotic or melancholic depression, physical and biological factors are relevant. Among other things, freud argued that depression can take two forms. Critically evaluate theories of causation of depression. The biomedical model has powerfully shaped psychotherapy research and dissemination. The theories of depression that have been most tested and applied to the psychotherapeutic treatment of the mood disorders include the interpersonal and cognitive behavioral formulations other theories include freuds psychoanalytic theory, evolutionary theories, existentialism, neurological and neuropsychological perspectives, biochemical. Both pi theory and lifehistory theory of which pi theory is a part form the basis of this functional analysis of ppd. A fundamental difference between the biological accounts biochemical and genetic factors and the psychological accounts freuds theory and life events, is that the biological accounts are based on an internal origin of depression within an individual, both our genes and our biochemical levels are within us, whilst freuds theory and life events are focused on external events from our. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really a syndrome, rather than a specific unitary disease state. Urie bronfenbrenner came up with an ecological systems theory that stated that human development is influenced by the different types of environmental systems that an individual is surrounded by.
The etiology of depression 79 biological perspectives on the etiology of depression a complex set of biological processes has been implicated in the eti ology and course of depressiona although such research has not always clarified whether such processes are underlying causal factors, correlates, or consequences of depression. According to this theory, the core of depression consist of a primary triad, that is, a persistent negative evaluation of self, the environment and the future. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications, and medical problems. After one episode of depression, a child is at risk for developing another within five years, which may predict more severe illness as an adult. Pdf biological theory of depression in the light of new.
Request pdf biological theories of depression and implications for current and new treatments unipolar major depressive disorder is a. The steps highlighted in the gerontological literature are by now almost a cliche, but regular exercise, good nutrition, and stress reduction stand at the top of most gerontologists. Although brain chemicals are certainly part of the cause, this explanation is too simple. Globally, the burden of depression and other mentalhealth conditions is on. No single gene is likely to be responsible, but rather a combination of genes. In its simplest form, th e serotonin deficiency theory of depression postulates. Critically evaluate theories of causation of depression this essay explores two of the main theories of causation of depression, which are the cognitive model and the biological model. The basic concepts of biological theories and the humanistic theories show great differences. The humanistic theories describe the adherence on the present rather than to the past or to the future maslow, 1967. The other biological treatments of depression include electroconvulsive therapy and sleep deprivation.
Yet another theory of depression is based on a biological model. Jun 24, 2019 research suggests that depression doesnt spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. While this does not exclude biological or sex differences, it considers the critical roles that social and cultural factors and unequal power relations between men and women play in promoting or impeding mental. A trial carried out in rural uganda, for example, showed that group interpersonal psychotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms and prevalence of depression among 341 men and women meeting criteria for major or subsyndromal depression. The biopsychosocial model is one popular theory for what causes depression. These all range from the biological, cognitive, and sociocultural levels of analysis. Insights from the frontier of evolutionary psychiatry randolph m. As this paper attempts to create an integrated framework in which multiple biological theories are synthesized, an emphasis was placed on papers that focused on an interaction between disparate biological systems. New theory may explain cause of depression and improve. Womens mental health who world health organization. This model focuses on unusual brain structures or brain chemistry as the cause of depression. Although less undisputed in biological psychiatry than formerly, there are basically still two premisses which underly most hypotheses in biological depression research.
We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. Pdf biopsychological treatment model of depression cetin. Nonetheless, our everincreasing understanding of the human brain has advanced our understanding of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. Contemporary biochemical theories of depression have focused on two of the monoamines. Directly and indirectly, the social environment plays a role in depression. Pdf biopsychological treatment model of depression. With mourning, depression is a grief reaction to the loss of an actual love object e. It gives a definition of depression, then looks at these models to provide an idea of what causes the disorder. Lemma 1996, p79 suggested that biochemical theory of depression argued in result of medication, because many depressive people rejected the medication because its of side effects. Some drugs with potential antidepressant properties are also studi. Biological aspects of depression wiley online library. Hence, biochemical theories of depression focused on the brain transmitters. Depression is a significant mental illness with physiological and psychological consequences, including sluggishness, diminished interest and pleasure, and disturbances in sleep and appetite.
You may have heard that depression is the result of a simple imbalance of brain chemicals. As mentioned above, according to this hypothesis, depression is caused by neurotransmitter dysregulation or endocrinological dysfunction whybrow et al. After the removal of reinforcers, the affected individual begins to interpret their behavior as meaningless due to the lack of obvious consequences. There is no singular factor, which causes depression, but rather a combination. While these are promising areas of investigation, this research is highly complex and beyond the scope of this article. Biology of depression psychoneuroimmunology depression. Finally, the strategy of a drug treatment is considered with regard to the choice of the best drug and the best dosage for a given depressed patient. Biological symptoms of depression can be associated with chemical changes in the brain. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. The cognitive approach towards depression, suggests that people with depression tend to have a pessimistic view of the world, in theory this is called a negative schema. Many scientists believe the cause is biological, such as an imbalance in brain chemicals, specifically serotonin and norepinephrine. The theory is limited because it is reductionist as it only views depression as a process of evolution and ignores individual differences.
It is predicted that by the year 2030, depression will be the number one cause of disability in the united states and other highincome countries. The literature on the biological basis of depression is vast. Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, inflammation and the circadian rhythm. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. A trial carried out in rural uganda, for example, showed that group interpersonal psychotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms and prevalence of depression among 341 men and women meeting criteria for major or subsyndromal depression bolton et al, 2003. Because most instances of mdd appear to be caused by adversity, evolutionary. Although it is commonly acknowledged that depression can have a biological basis, we expanded that concept to include the influence of social context for the purpose of our research. Probably the most prominent psychological theory of depression is the one that sparked the cognitive psychotherapies. Fundamentally, such depressive symptoms as sad mood. Most likely, depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. A counter perspective on its neurobehavioral structure. Scientific research confirms a strong presence of biological, psychosocial, and. The impact of biological factors seems to be more prominent in major depressive syndrome, where typical symptoms and signs such as decrease in weight, changes in libido, dysmenorrhea, and sleeping disorders ca.
Hopelessness and worthlessness in 1917, sigmund freud published a book on depression called mourning and melancholia. Mar 31, 2016 the biological gap in becks integrative theory of depression. Psychoanalytic theory of melancholia, referred to nowadays as depression, began mainly with the work of karl abraham and sigmund freud in the early 1900s. The different factors vary such as criticism by peers and peer rejection and even feelings of selfworth. Depression in children, adolescents, and teens increases risk for suicide. When someone experiences multiple negative situations, too few positive elements, or both, they can become. Rem sleep depends on decreased serotonin levels in the brain stem, and is impaired by compounds, such as antidepressants, that increase serotonergic tone in. An interesting recent development in cognitive theories of depression is the study of the. The biomedical era has witnessed little clinical innovation and worsening outcomes. It gives a definition of depression, then looks at these models to provide an idea of. Several theories have been suggested for the biochemical background of depression, and. Each type of depression is associated with different mixtures of causes. According to the bio chemical theory, a low level of norepinephrine and high level serotonin cause to depression.
Hall, 1998 monamine5ht hypothesis just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of depression follows from the drugs that are used to treat it. In a second step, the characteristics of these different treatments are detailed. This is typically linked to the biological aspects of depression, including a deficit in serotonin and dopamine that results in reduction of positive emotions during previously rewarding experiences. The disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania and occurs in 1% of the population.
Major depression and genetics genetics of brain function. Depression may become recurrent for biological as well as social and. Selfdevaluationlower sense of selfworth a key factor in depression. The impact of biological factors seems to be more prominent in major depressive syndrome, where typical symptoms and signs such as decrease in weight, changes in libido, dysmenorrhea, and sleeping disorders cannot be explained on psychodynamic grounds alone. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories. Biological theories of manic depression like every mental illness, there is no definitive evidence concerning the etiology of manic depression, also known as bipolar disorder. What is the biological perspective owlcation education. Primacy of cognitive factors in depression importance of perception of future in depression. In this model, depression is thought to be caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. While this does not exclude biological or sex differences, it considers the. Biological theories of depression and implications for.
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